When we ask about the responsibilities and rights that we have in regards to one another, modernity’s answer is that they are responsibilities and rights based on equality: equality is the foremost normative idea of modernity. This applies to morals as well as politics.

The modern reasoning of the idea of equality, however, is accompanied by another position like a shadow: the approach of questioning equality while considering equality in all its refractions and reflections in the life of the individual. There it becomes clear that the idea of equality can involve constraint, and even distortion and violation for the individual. This is the significance of questioning equality: it’s a critique of equality measured against individuality.

»This book brings a new perspective – mainly out of German intellectual discussions rooted in Hegel – to bear on the problems of equality as discussed in Anglo-American conceptions of liberalism. Menke argues that the idea of equality is at the heart of political modernity. At the same time, political modernity is characterized by an attitude of critical reflection on the notion of equality in view of its consequences for the lives of individuals. This book explores the sources and legitimacy as well as the limitations and problems of this attitude toward equality in the work of such thinkers as Adorno, Habermas, Derrida, Hegel, Luhmann, Nietzsche, Rawls, and Schmitt. Looking at key texts in modern political philosophy, the author develops the claim that there is a basic and irreconcilable conflict in justice: between general demands of equality and attention to the individual. In a debate with contemporary Anglo-American liberal philosophy’s concepts of rights, the political process is thereby understood as an interminable strife and negotiation between equality and individuality.« (book description from the English edition by Stanford University Press)

Critique of Rights